September is Gynecologic Cancer Awareness Month, an opportunity to learn about the cancers that affect the female reproductive system and to recognize symptoms that should not be ignored.
Gynecologic cancers include cervical, ovarian, uterine, vaginal and vulvar cancers. Each type is different, with its own risk factors, symptoms and treatment options. The good news is that there are steps you can take to reduce your risk of some gynecologic cancers – and knowing what is normal for your body can help you recognize changes that deserve medical attention.
Know the Warning Signs
Gynecologic cancers don’t always cause obvious symptoms in their early stages. That’s why it’s important to know what is normal for you and pay attention when something changes.
One of the most important warning signs is unusual vaginal bleeding. This can include:
- Periods that are heavier or longer than usual
- Bleeding between periods
- Bleeding after sexual activity
- Vaginal bleeding after menopause
- Other bleeding that is unusual for you
Any vaginal bleeding after menopause should be discussed with a healthcare provider.
Other symptoms can include:
- Pelvic pain or pressure
- Persistent bloating
- Abdominal or back pain
- Feeling full quickly or having difficulty eating
- Changes in urination or bowel habits
- Unusual vaginal discharge
- Itching, burning, pain or tenderness of the vulva
- Changes to the skin of the vulva, including sores, rashes or warts
If you experience symptoms that are unusual for you and persist for two weeks or longer, make an appointment with your provider.
Screening: What You Need to Know
Of the five main gynecologic cancers, cervical cancer is the only one for which there are recommended screening tests for people without symptoms. Cervical cancer screening may include an HPV test, a Pap test, or both, depending on age and individual circumstances.
A Pap test can identify abnormal cells that may become cancerous, while an HPV test looks for infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus that can cause cervical cancer.
It’s important to follow the screening schedule recommended by your healthcare provider even if you feel healthy and have no symptoms.
Important: A Pap test is a screening test for cervical cancer. It does not screen for ovarian, uterine, vaginal or vulvar cancers.
Can Gynecologic Cancer Be Prevented?
Not all gynecologic cancers can be prevented, but there are ways to lower your risk.
HPV vaccination is one of the most important prevention tools. HPV is the leading cause of cervical, vaginal and vulvar cancers. The vaccine works best when given before exposure to HPV, but vaccination is recommended for certain people through age 26, and some adults ages 27-45 may benefit from vaccination after discussing it with their health care provider.
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, avoiding tobacco and discussing your personal and family medical history with your provider can also be part of a comprehensive approach to reducing cancer risk.
Tips for Prevention & Early Detection
- GET VACCINATED
The HPV vaccine can help prevent HPV infections that cause most cervical cancers and can also reduce the risk of vaginal and vulvar cancers. - GET SCREENED
Stay up to date with recommended cervical cancer screening. - KNOW YOUR BODY
Pay attention to changes in bleeding, pain, discharge, digestion, urination and the vulvar skin. - KNOW YOUR FAMILY HISTORY
A family history of ovarian and certain other cancers may increase your risk. Talk with your provider about your family history and whether genetic counseling or testing may be appropriate. - SPEAK UP
Don’t assume a persistent or unusual symptom is “just part of getting older,” menopause or your menstrual cycle. Ask questions and get checked.
Don’t Wait for a Routine Appointment
One of the most important messages of Gynecologic Cancer Awareness Month is simple: You know your body best. If you notice a change that is unusual for you, don’t wait for your next annual visit to mention it. Most symptoms associated with gynecologic cancers can have causes other than cancer, but getting evaluated is the only way to know what is causing them.
Early detection can make a difference. When gynecologic cancers are found early, treatment is generally more effective.
This month, take charge of your gynecologic health. Know your risk. Know your screening schedule. Know your body. Don’t ignore changes. And talk with your health care provider if you have questions about your cancer risk or recommended screenings.
